Two-Stage PID-Controlled Thermal Management and Chaotic Phase Space-Based Dynamic Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Fast Charging Conditions

Nihat Pamuk, Erdem Girgin

© 2026 Nihat Pamuk, published by UIKTEN. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International. (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Citation Information: SAR Journal. Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages 172-185, ISSN 2619-9955, https://doi.org/10.18421/SAR93-03, September 2026.

Received: 09 August 2026.
Revised: 14 September 2026.
Accepted: 20 September 2026.
Published: 27 September 2026.

Abstract:

Temperature rise in lithium-ion batteries during fast charging is a critical factor that directly affects battery performance, service life, and operational safety. In this study, an Arduino Mega-based experimental system was developed for real-time battery temperature monitoring and active cooling control. Battery temperature, current, and voltage were monitored simultaneously, while active cooling was provided by a TEC1-12706 Peltier module. In the proposed control approach, the Peltier module was operated at the maximum PWM duty cycle until the battery temperature came within 1 °C of the specified target temperature, after which PID control was activated to achieve more precise temperature regulation. The developed method was experimentally evaluated under three operating conditions: no cooling, hysteresis-based control, and two-stage PID-based control. The acquired temperature data were analysed in phase space using the Lorenz, Rössler, Duffing, and Chua chaotic attractors in MATLAB to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the thermal response. Experimental results demonstrated that the two-stage PID-based control approach provided more stable temperature regulation than the other methods and enabled more effective thermal management under fast-charging conditions.

Keywords – fast charging, lithium-ion battery, two-stage PID control, peltier cooling, chaotic attractors.

                   

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